The base materials each come in 5 tiers. For armor, the materials are:
"Cloth" (Sorcery-requirement armor):
- Cotton
- Linen
- Silk
- Hexweave
- Spiritweave
"Metal" (Might-requirement armor, might shields, non-wood weapons):
- Iron
- Chainmail (Armor only)
- Steel
- Azurite
- Sylvanite
- Prismere
"Hide" (Finesse-requirement armor):
- Leather
- Boiled Leather
- Studded Leather
- Trollhide
- Dreadscale
There are also Wood components (Bows, Finesse Shields, Staves, and Sceptres) and Precious Metal components (Sorcery Shields).Raven's provided a list in his answer that I won't duplicate here. :)
Salvaged Primary components will always have the same stats (despite being able to find "Crude" and "Fine" versions as random loot), but secondary components may not have the same magnitude effects as the original item. For instance, you might disassemble a set of Leather gloves that had 10 defense, but get a 12 or 15 defense component from it.