The others have covered (a) pushing power and (b) actual damage due to bouncing off stuff, just thought I'd add this handy-dandy spreadsheet which articulates how much force in Newtons is needed to stutter, stagger or knock back each enemy (from here: https://pastebin.com/wXKyLYQJ)
Mass Effect 3 Multiplayer :: enemy health values and force thresholds
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Bronze
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Name, Health, Shields, Stutter, Stagger, KnockBk, Chance
AssaultTrooper, 750, 0, 10, 60, 75, 1.00
Centurion, 750, 750, 10, 110, 160, 0.85
Gunner, 750, 750, 10, 60, 160, 0.85
GunnerTurret, 900, 900, 160, 200, 240, 1.00
Guardian, 750, 0, 10, 110, 160, 0.85
Nemesis, 450, 750, 10, 60, 75, 0.85
Atlas, 7500, 7500, 290, 390, 700, 0.40
Phantom, 750, 1050, 140, 290, 440, 0.50
Cannibal, 900, 0, 10, 110, 160, 1.00
Marauder, 900, 675, 10, 110, 160, 0.85
Brute, 6000, 0, 380, 590, 1000, 0.80
Husk, 412, 0, 10, 40, 60, 1.00
Ravager, 3600, 0, 380, 590, 1000, 0.85
Banshee, 7500, 4500, 380, 590, 1000, 0.40
GethTrooper, 750, 0, 10, 60, 75, 1.00
GethRocketTrooper, 600, 600, 10, 110, 160, 0.85
GethHunter, 750, 675, 10, 110, 160, 0.80
GethPyro, 1050, 750, 10, 110, 160, 0.80
GethPrime, 7500, 5250, 290, 390, 700, 0.40
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Silver
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Name, Health, Shields, Stutter, Stagger, KnockBk, Chance
AssaultTrooper, 1125, 0, 10, 75, 100, 0.85
Centurion, 1125, 1125, 10, 160, 200, 0.75
Gunner, 1125, 1125, 10, 110, 200, 0.75
GunnerTurret, 1350, 1350, 200, 240, 290, 1.00
Guardian, 1125, 0, 10, 160, 200, 0.75
Nemesis, 675, 1125, 10, 75, 100, 0.75
Atlas, 11250, 11250, 390, 700, 1200, 0.35
Phantom, 1125, 1575, 290, 440, 700, 0.40
Cannibal, 1350, 0, 10, 160, 200, 0.85
Marauder, 1350, 1012, 10, 160, 290, 0.75
Brute, 7500, 0, 590, 1000, 1200, 0.65
Husk, 618, 0, 10, 60, 75, 0.85
Ravager, 5400, 0, 590, 1000, 1200, 0.75
Banshee, 11250, 6750, 590, 1000, 1200, 0.35
GethTrooper, 1125, 0, 10, 75, 100, 1.00
GethRocketTrooper, 900, 900, 10, 160, 200, 0.75
GethHunter, 1125, 1012, 10, 160, 290, 0.65
GethPyro, 1575, 1125, 10, 160, 290, 0.65
GethPrime, 11250, 7875, 390, 700, 1200, 0.35
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Gold
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Name, Health, Shields, Stutter, Stagger, KnockBk, Chance
AssaultTrooper, 1687, 0, 10, 100, 125, 0.75
Centurion, 1687, 1687, 10, 200, 250, 0.60
Gunner, 1687, 1687, 10, 160, 250, 0.60
GunnerTurret, 2025, 2025, 240, 290, 500, 1.00
Guardian, 1687, 0, 10, 200, 250, 0.60
Nemesis, 1012, 1687, 10, 100, 125, 0.60
Atlas, 16875, 16875, 700, 1200, 1500, 0.30
Phantom, 1687, 2362, 440, 700, 1000, 0.30
Cannibal, 2025, 0, 10, 200, 250, 0.75
Marauder, 2025, 1518, 10, 290, 390, 0.60
Brute, 9000, 0, 1000, 1200, 1500, 0.50
Husk, 928, 0, 10, 75, 90, 0.75
Ravager, 8100, 0, 1000, 1200, 1500, 0.60
Banshee, 16875, 10125, 1000, 1200, 1500, 0.30
GethTrooper, 1687, 0, 10, 100, 125, 1.00
GethRocketTrooper, 1350, 1350, 10, 200, 250, 0.60
GethHunter, 1687, 1518, 10, 290, 390, 0.50
GethPyro, 2362, 1687, 10, 290, 390, 0.50
GethPrime, 16875, 11812, 700, 1200, 1500, 0.30
Of course, stuttering/staggering/knockback itself doesn't do any damage (unless they go flying), but it stops them for long enough that you can crank out some more Throw's or shots before ducking into cover again.