Stardust cost per Pokemon "level" (Powering up increases level by 1, stardust increases every 4 "levels."):
Levels 1 to 20:

200 stardust, 1 candy
400 stardust, 1 candy
600 stardust, 1 candy
800 stardust, 1 candy
1000 stardust, 1 candy

Levels 21 to 40:

1300 stardust, 2 candy
1600 stardust, 2 candy
1900 stardust, 2 candy
2200 stardust, 2 candy
2500 stardust, 2 candy

Level 41 to 43:

3000 stardust, 3 candy

[source][1]

Note: Pokémon you catch are not necessarily at "level" 1. For example, I caught a 701 CP Pinsir and it is roughly "level" 13 [1]: https://www.reddit.com/r/TheSilphRoad/comments/4sa4p5/stardust_costs_increase_every_4_power_ups/

Stardust cost per Pokemon "level" (Powering up increases level by 1, stardust increases every 4 "levels."):
Levels 1 to 20:

200 stardust, 1 candy
400 stardust, 1 candy
600 stardust, 1 candy
800 stardust, 1 candy
1000 stardust, 1 candy

Levels 21 to 40:

1300 stardust, 2 candy
1600 stardust, 2 candy
1900 stardust, 2 candy
2200 stardust, 2 candy
2500 stardust, 2 candy

Level 41 to 43:

3000 stardust, 3 candy

source

Note: Pokémon you catch are not necessarily at "level" 1. For example, I caught a 701 CP Pinsir and it is roughly "level" 13