The values for floors don't start according to a formula until you get to floor 12, which costs 12,150. Once you reach that floor, the formula is:
150 * (Floor # - 3) * (Floor # - 3)
So, for floor 12 (which is actually the 10th floor you build) , you'd come up with: 150 * 9 * 9 = 12,150
For floor 83, you'd come up with 150 * 80 * 80 = 960,000
I've verified this formula works for all floors from 12 to 83. Floors 3 through 11 appear to be random in how costs are calculated.
Also, random factoid, the amount of the increase increases by 300 for each level (after 12). So going from 12 (12,150) to 13 (15,000) is a 2,850 increase. Going from 13 (15,000) to 14 (18,150) is a 3,150 increase, which is the 2,850 (from 12->13) + 300.
Going from 14 (18,150) to 15 (21,600) increases by 3,150 + 300 for a total of 3,450.
I'm sure that's just a function of math in the original formula, but I thought it was a neat pattern.
As requested, here is a graph of the costs:
Here are the values for each floor and how long it takes to build:
Floor | Hours | Coins
Floor 1 | N/A | N/A
Floor 2 | N/A | N/A
Floor 3 | N/A | 100
Floor 4 | 0.066 | 200
Floor 5 | 0.1 | 500
Floor 6 | 0.2 | 650
Floor 7 | 0 | 1,000
Floor 8 | 0.5 | 1,650
Floor 9 | 1 | 3,150
Floor 10 | 1.5 | 4,400
Floor 11 | 2 | 8,600
Floor 12 | 2.5 | 12,150
Floor 13 | 3 | 15,000
Floor 14 | 3.5 | 18,150
Floor 15 | 4 | 21,600
Floor 16 | 4.5 | 25,350
Floor 17 | 5 | 29,400
Floor 18 | 5.5 | 33,750
Floor 19 | 6 | 38,400
Floor 20 | 6.5 | 43,350
Floor 21 | 7 | 48,600
Floor 22 | 7.5 | 54,150
Floor 23 | 8 | 60,000
Floor 24 | 8.5 | 66,150
Floor 25 | 9 | 72,600
Floor 26 | 9.5 | 79,350
Floor 27 | 10 | 86,400
Floor 28 | 10.5 | 93,750
Floor 29 | 11 | 101,400
Floor 30 | 11.5 | 109,350
Floor 31 | 12 | 117,600
Floor 32 | 12.5 | 126,150
Floor 33 | 13 | 135,000
Floor 34 | 13.5 | 144,150
Floor 35 | 14 | 153,600
Floor 36 | 14.5 | 163,350
Floor 37 | 15 | 173,400
Floor 38 | 15.5 | 183,750
Floor 39 | 16 | 194,400
Floor 40 | 16.5 | 205,350
Floor 41 | 17 | 216,600
Floor 42 | 17.5 | 228,150
Floor 43 | 18 | 240,000
Floor 44 | 18.5 | 252,150
Floor 45 | 19 | 264,600
Floor 46 | 19.5 | 277,350
Floor 47 | 20 | 290,400
Floor 48 | 20.5 | 303,750
Floor 49 | 21 | 317,400
Floor 50 | 21.5 | 331,350
Floor 51 | 22 | 345,600
Floor 52 | 22.5 | 360,150
Floor 53 | 23 | 375,000
Floor 54 | 23.5 | 390,150
Floor 55 | 24 | 405,600
Floor 56 | 24.5 | 421,350
Floor 57 | 25 | 437,400
Floor 58 | 25.5 | 453,750
Floor 59 | 26 | 470,400
Floor 60 | 26.5 | 487,350
Floor 61 | 27 | 504,600
Floor 62 | 27.5 | 522,150
Floor 63 | 28 | 540,000
Floor 64 | 28.5 | 558,150
Floor 65 | 29 | 576,600
Floor 66 | 29.5 | 595,350
Floor 67 | 30 | 614,400
Floor 68 | 30.5 | 633,750
Floor 69 | 31 | 653,400
Floor 70 | 31.5 | 673,350
Floor 71 | 32 | 693,600
Floor 72 | 32.5 | 714,150
Floor 73 | 33 | 735,000
Floor 74 | 33.5 | 756,150
Floor 75 | 34 | 777,600
Floor 76 | 34.5 | 799,350
Floor 77 | 35 | 821,400
Floor 78 | 35.5 | 843,750
Floor 79 | 36 | 866,400
Floor 80 | 36.5 | 889,350
Floor 81 | 37 | 912,600
Floor 82 | 37.5 | 936,150
Floor 83 | 38 | 960,000