I know some of these, and am unsure on others. Here's what I do know:
Accuracy - reduces chance to "miss" your opponent. Once you have 0% chance to miss, reduces opponents defenses instead.
Alacrity - makes spells channel, tick, or cast faster.
Armor - Reduces kinetic and energy damage by a constant %.
Critical - increases chance for a critical strike.
Surge - increases the bonus % on a critical strike.
Damage Reduction - Just a listing of the various types of damage on your character, currently
Defense - increases parry and deflect rates
Power - provides a bonus to tech and force abilities. (Like Willpower / cunning, but without the ancillary benefits)
Shield - increases chance to shield.