Do not sell alloys, elerium, or intact components. Alloys go into almost everything, elerium goes into lots of high-end awesome things, and stuff like Flight Computers go into the cool vehicles later. (Damaged) stuff is ok to sell, as you can't do anything with it. You will need lots of alloy and elerium, and there is never an amount of this stuff that is "too much" unless you are near end-game and your stores are overflowing in all the neat shiny end-game toys. And even then you probably shouldn't sell this stuff. How many high-end craft you build is a matter of taste. But the high end craft will perform better than our "mundane" stuff, even without the awesome high-end munitions. Gun parts would also fit here. Though if you can capture a lot of aliens you'll capture a lot of alien tech intact. You'll likely have to build some high-tech weapons on your own at some point, though.
In addition to that, you pretty much need 1 of everything for research, but you knew that already. Some items might be marked as having no research value, you can sell those. I'm pretty sure (Damaged) items are thusly marked, in fact. It may be these are the only items like that. The items will be marked as having "no research value/safe to sell" in the grey market sell screen, when you select them (it will be so marked in the description). As Kotekzot notes, you can also safely sell alien entertainment, surgery, and stasis tanks. I think I've seen all there is to see and I can't recall anything else that's safe to sell off hand.
Corpses can be used in certain construction, e.g. Muton corposes for I think Titan Armor, and floaters are used for thed dodge power up I think. Also, council requests will occasionally come in for corpses. I sell some but I like to keep a decent sized stack in reserve and I don't sell anything Muton or "worse". It's worth pointing out that council requests are uncommon, so saving all your corpses probably isn't going to pay off. Council requests will probably be of much greater value than selling the corpses, to be sure (I sold 6 light plasma rifles for $1500).
By request, here are the things you can spend corpses on researching/building. The list is not yet complete as I can't check every price in my longest game as I've already done a bunch of it. I'll update as I track the rest of the items down.
Chrysalid - (4) chitin plating
Ethereal - (1) mind shield
Berserker - (1) combat stims
Floater - (3) dodge power up
Heavy Floater - (4) advanced repair
Cyberdisk - (2) tracking power up
Drone - (2) Drone Capture
Sectoid - (3)aim power up
Sectopod - (2) advanced construction