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"I'm not good enough or is there a bug?" - honestly, between your skill level and the ladder promotion system, which is likely to be the weak link? I don't mean to sound harsh, but this question seems to answer itself.
Pixel shaders will need to render each frame multiple passes for some effects. No matter how high end your PC, you'll have better responsiveness with low graphics settings.
The missing game types have been confirmed as a bug by Blizzard on reddit. I guess it should be fixed soon. Though, for me, this only happened temporarily as you did - never permanently. Maybe try logging into a different server and back?
Hydralisk has a melee animation which is different than its missile animation, so I can understand why one would say that. But don't be deceived; the projectile properties still remain (including for example upgrades and PDD)
Ranked / unranked have two separate MMRs, so it doesn't make sense to play your placements ranked, then continue unranked. Just play unranked always, or ranked always. Also keep in mind that they are exactly the same, but unranked simply doesn't show you any ranking information and doesn't place you in a division.