Only the base damage; although with bows, arrow damage is affected as well.
Source: http://www.uesp.net/wiki/Skyrim:Sneak (the sentence you want is under the second table)
All tests performed on Devin Mallory in The Ragged Flagon (by the miracle of quicksave, no Devin Mallorys were permanently harmed by these tests):
Poison Tests
Test I: Control
Glass Bow, base damage = 29
Steel Arrow, base damage = 10
Sneak attack x2.0 damage = 72.04 damage (I assume reduced from 78 by armor, I have no idea what the math on that looks like)
Test II: Poison
Glass Bow, base damage = 29
Steel Arrow, base damage = 10
Weak Poison, damage = 15
Sneak attack x2.0 damage = 85.69 damage (again, I assume damage was reduced by armor, but since the poison didn't even do its full damage, it's definitely not doubled by the sneak attack)
Enchantment Tests (as suggested by Fizz):
Test I: Control
Hunter's Bow, base damage = 8
Ancient Nord Arrow, base damage = 10
Sneak attack x2.0 damage = 15.46 damage
Test II: Enchantment
Hunter's Bow of Chills, base damage = 8, frost damage = 6
Ancient Nord Arrow, base damage = 10
Sneak attack x2.0 damage = 35.6 damage
From David B in the comments:
(8+10)*2 = 36. (36-15.6)/36 = 57%. Devin resisted 57% of the physical
damage. If npc armor rating works like player armor rating, that's 375
visible armor rating. Test2 enchantment with 36 damage looks like
(2*15)+6... in other words - a crit
So it turns out weapon enchantments are not affected by multipliers either.