When one buys a PCS upgrade at the Black Market, one can only see the name of it; it's only after purchase, at the stage of equipping it, that the game tells us what it actually does.
What PCS upgrades are available, and what do they do?
From what I understand, each PCS has three variants: Normal, Advanced and Superior. Each tier is better than the previous one. Within each tier there can be some small variation. E.g. in the picture below, you'll see three Superior Agility PCS that have different Dodge stats.
This is a list of all the types available in the vanilla game: